GETTING STARTED AND UNIT 1
Present Simple
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you GO I/you DON´T GO DO
I/you GO?
He/She/ it GOES He/She/ it DOESN´T GO DOES
He/She/ it GO?
We/you/they GO We/you/they DON´T GO DO
We/you/they GO?
USES:
-A regular
habit or routine I
go to work by bus
-A general
truth or scientific fact The sun is a
star
-Stative
verbs I
don´t feel well
Adverbs of
frequency /Time expressions:
Always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally,
frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, at 1 o´clock, at night, in
the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often…)
SPELLING RULES FOR THE SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE
a.) Add –s for most verbs
work - works, buy - buys, ride
- rides, return - returns
b.) Add –es for words that end in –ch,
-s , -sh, -x, or –z.
watch - watches, pass -
passes, rush - rushes, relax - relaxes, buzz - buzzes
c.) Change the –y to –i and
add –es when the base form ends in a consonant +y.
study - studies, hurry -
hurries, dry - dries
Do not change the –y when the base form ends
in a vowel +y. Add –splay - plays, enjoy – enjoys
d.) A few verbs have irregular forms.
be - is, do - does, go- goes,
have - has
Present Continuous
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I AM
ASKING I AM NOT ASKING AM
I ASKING?
You ARE ASKING You AREN´T ASKING ARE you ASKING?
He/She/it IS ASKING He/She/it ISN´T ASKING IS
He/She/ it ASKING?
We/you/they AREN´T
ASKING We/you/they AREN´T
ASKING ARE We/you/they ASKING?
USES:
-An action
which is happening now
She is listening to the
radio right now
Time
expressions: now, right now, at the moment
-A temporary
action Greg is
installing new software today
Time
expressions: this year, at present, today, these days, this
month
-A definite
plan for the near future They are having fish and chips
tonight
Time
expressions: this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next
Friday/week/year
Past Simple
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you WORKED I/you DIDN´T
WORK DID I/you WORK?
He/She/ it WORKED He/She/ it DIDN´T WORK DID
He/She/ it WORK?
We/you/they WORKED We/you/they DIDN´T
WORK DID We/you/they WORK?
USES:
-A complete
action in the past Last
year, my uncle won the lottery
-A series of
completed actions in the past I asked him a question and he answered
quickly
Time
expressions:
Yesterday, last week/year, two days ago, in 2007, in
the 1980s, in the 18th century, when, then
Past Continuous
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I WAS
RUNNING I WASN´T
RUNNING WAS
I WORKING?
You WERE RUNNING You WEREN´T RUNNING WERE you RUNNING?
He/She/ it WAS RUNNING He/She/ it
WASN´T RUNNING
WAS He/She/ it RUNNING?
We/you/they WERE RUNNING We/you/they WEREN´T RUNNING WERE We/you/they RUNNING?
USES:
-An
incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past
At 10 o´clock last night, he was watching a film
Time
expressions:
Last night/week/year, at 4 o´clock
-An
incomplete action interrupted by another action
Sarah was reading a book when I phoned her
-Two incomplete
actions in progress at the same time in the past
They were talking quietly while the baby was sleeping
Time
expressions:
When, while, as
Present Perfect Simple
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you HAVE
EATEN I/you HAVEN´T
EATEN HAVE I/you EATEN?
He/She/ it HAS EATEN He/She/ it HASN´T EATEN HAS
He/She/ it EATEN?
We/you/they HAVE EATEN We/you/they HAVEN´T
EATEN HAVE We/you/they EATEN?
USES:
-An action that
began in the past and continues until the present
Peter has worked in this restaurant for two years
She has studied English for three years
-An action that
took place at an undetermined time in the past, but is connected to the present
They have recently released their first album
I have downloaded the document
Time
expressions:
Never, ever, already just, yet, recently, lately, how
long…?, for since, in recent years
Present Perfect Continuous
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you HAVE BEEN EATING
I/you HAVEN´T BEEN EATING HAVE I/you BEEN EATING?
He/She/ it HAS BEEN
EATING He/She/ it HASN´T BEEN EATING HAS
He/She/ it BEEN EATING?
We/you/they HAVE BEEN EATING We/you/they HAVEN´T
BEEN EATING HAVE We/you/they BEEN EATING?
USES:
-An action that
started in the past and which still continues in the present
How long have you been staying at the hotel?
-An action whose
results are still apparent
I´m tired, I have been reading The Lord of the Rings
all night.
Time
expressions:
For a year, since 2002, how long…?, all
night/morning/day/week
Past Perfect Simple
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you HAD
EATEN I/you HADN´T
EATEN HAD I/you EATEN?
He/She/ it HAD EATEN He/She/ it HADN´T EATEN HAD
He/She/ it EATEN?
We/you/they HAD EATEN We/you/they HADN´T
EATEN HAD We/you/they EATEN?
USES:
-A complete
action which took place before another action in the past
John had returned from his walk before I arrived
By the time I looked, the fox had already gone
Time
expressions:
Already, by the time, after, before, until, never,
just
Past Perfect Continuous
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you HAD BEEN
EATING I/you HADN´T
BEEN EATING HAD I/you BEEN EATING?
He/She/ it HAD BEEN EATING He/She/ it HADN´T BEEN EATING HAD He/She/ it BEEN
EATING?
We/you/they HAD BEEN EATING We/you/they HADN´T
BEEN EATING HAD We/you/they BEEN EATING?
USES:
-An action which
continued up to another past action
They had been studying for two hours before we arrived
Time
expressions:
For hours, since last April, all morning, when, until,
before
Future Simple
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you WILL WIN I/you WON´T WIN WILL I/you WIN?
He/She/ it WILL WIN He/She/ it WON´T
WIN WILL He/She/
it WIN?
We/you/they WILL WIN We/you/they WON´T WIN WILL
We/you/they WIN?
USES:
-A prediction Tomorrow,
it will snow in some regions
-A timetable Our
break will end at 3 o´clock
-A
spontaneous decision I
fell sleepy. I will go to bed
Time
expressions:
This evening, in an hour, at 2 o´clock, later,
tomorrow, next month/year, soon, in a few weeks, in the future, on 1st
May
Future Continuous
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you WILL BE WINNING I/you WON´T BE WINNING WILL I/you BE WINNING?
He/She/ it WILL BE WINNING He/She/ it WON´T BE WINNING WILL He/She/ it BE
WINNING?
We/you/they WILL BE WINNING We/you/they WON´T
BE WINNING WILL We/you/they BE WINNING?
USES:
-An action in
progress at a certain future time
At this time next Monday, they will be taking a train
to Paris
Time
expressions:
At this time tomorrow/next…, on Thursday, in the next
decade
Future Perfect Simple
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I /you WILL HAVE LOST I/you WON´T HAVE LOST WILL I/you
HAVE LOST?
He/She/ it WILL HAVE LOST He/She/
it WON´T
HAVE LOST WILL He/She/ it HAVE LOST?
We/you/they WILL HAVE LOST We/you/they WON´T
HAVE LOST WILL We/you/they HAVE LOST?
USES:
-A complete
action at a certain future time
Fred will have moved from his flat by the end of March
I will have lost six kilos by the end of the year
Time
expressions:
This time next week, by 3 o´clock, by the end of…, by
then, by August, in four months
Be going to
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I / AM GOING TO EAT I AM
NOT GOING TO EAT AM I
GOING TO EAT?
You ARE GOING TO EAT You
AREN´T GOING TO EAT ARE you GOING TO EAT?
He/She/ it IS GOING TO EAT He/She/ it ISN´T GOING TO EAT IS He/She/ it GOING
TO EAT?
We/you/they ARE GOING TO EAT We/you/they AREN´T
GOING TO EAT ARE We/you/they GOING TO EAT?
USES:
-A planned
action for the future
Sandy is going to play tennis with her cousin later
-An action that
is about to happen
Look! That boy is going to dance in the street!
Time
expressions:
This evening, later, in an hour, at 4 o´clock,
tomorrow, soon, next month/year, in a few weeks, on 8th May
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario